![]() Associative learning or conditioning is the process by which a symbol (i.e., a bell or pill) is repeatedly paired with a stimulus (i.e., food or pain reduction), and as a result, the symbol or cue alone elicits the effect of the original stimulus. In addition to expectation, placebo effects can be shaped by associative learning. ![]() A popular model of how placebo effects work proposes that expectations lead to psychophysiological effects, which in turn reduce symptoms. When the treatment is inert, the experience of benefit is called a placebo effect. There is considerable experimental evidence that expectations drive our experience of treatment regardless of whether the treatment is a drug or placebo. And what if you were unaware that the treatment was inert, that it was a placebo? Would your experience of the treatment’s effects be more like the treatment you think you are getting or like a placebo? What if what you expect to experience from a treatment influenced how well the treatment works? If this were true, then past experiences, observations of the experience of others, and verbal suggestions could also influence your symptoms. “Can I tell you a secret?” he asked, in a hushed tone, “It was only sugar cubes.” When she passed over a year later, the family contacted Musavi to thank him for the lifesaving treatment. By the time they brought him to his mother, the transformation was evident. ![]() It took over a month for the family to get Arman home. This article is excerpted from Kathryn T.
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